Use of Generative AI and Automated Tools
Artificial-intelligence tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot accept responsibility, disclose conflicts or approve the final work. Authors remain accountable for every statement, citation, image, translation, analysis and conclusion in the manuscript.
Disclosure
Material use of generative AI in writing, translation, image creation, coding, data analysis or research design should be described transparently in the manuscript or cover letter, including the tool and purpose. Basic spelling or grammar assistance may be treated differently according to journal instructions.
Confidentiality
Editors and reviewers must not upload confidential manuscripts or personal data into external AI systems without explicit authorisation and appropriate safeguards.