Originality and Similarity
Manuscripts may be examined with similarity-detection software and by editorial review. A similarity percentage is a screening aid, not an automatic judgment: quoted material, references, methods and legitimate overlap must be assessed in context.
Unacceptable Practices
- Copying text, ideas, data, images or translations without appropriate attribution
- Paraphrasing another source while preserving its structure or argument without credit
- Submitting substantially the same article to more than one journal
- Recycling large parts of one’s own published work without citation and justification
- Fabricated citations, manipulated data or purchased authorship
Editorial Action
Before publication, serious overlap may result in rejection and further inquiry. After publication, the journal may issue a correction, expression of concern or retraction according to the significance of the problem. Authors are responsible for permissions for third-party content.