Article summary
Abstract
Climate change represents one of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty- first century, disproportionately impacting developing countries due to their geographical vulnerabilities, resource constraints, and socio-economic inequalities. Adaptation and resilience have emerged as critical strategies to address climate risks, yet their theoretical underpinnings require deeper exploration in the context of developing nations. This paper critically examines the theoretical perspectives on climate change adaptation and resilience, focusing on resilience theory, vulnerability frameworks, sustainable livelihoods approaches, and disaster risk reduction models. It highlights how these perspectives provide analytical tools for understanding the differentiated vulnerabilities of communities and the mechanisms through which adaptation can be mainstreamed into development policies. By drawing on examples from agriculture, urban systems, water management, and community-based practices, the paper evaluates both opportunities and challenges in fostering resilience in resource- constrained environments. Comparative insights with developed countries underscore the importance of equity, governance, and international cooperation. The discussion emphasizes the intersection between adaptation and resilience, the complexities of measuring resilience, and the gaps between theoretical constructs and on-ground realities. The paper concludes that strengthening resilience in developing countries requires integrating adaptation into national development agendas, ensuring participatory governance, advancing financial mechanisms, and fostering innovation in education, health, and technology.